Unit 5: Matter | great8science

NGSSS Standards:

SC.8.P.8.3 Explore and describe the densities of various materials through measurement of their masses and volumes. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.N.2.2 Discuss what characterizes science and its methods. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.4 Classify and compare substances on the basis of characteristic physical properties that can be demonstrated or measured; for example, density, thermal or electrical conductivity, solubility, magnetic properties, melting and boiling points, and know that these properties are independent of the amount of the sample. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.6 Understand that scientific investigations involve the collection of relevant empirical evidence, the use of logical reasoning, and the application of imagination in devising hypotheses, predictions, explanations and models to make sense of the collected evidence. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.2 Design and conduct a study using repeated trials and replication. High (EOC)
SC.8.P.9.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating and concluding that mass is conserved when substances undergo physical and chemical changes. High (EOC)
SC.8.P.9.2 Differentiate between physical changes and chemical changes. Moderate. (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.2 Design and conduct a study using repeated trials and replication. High (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.4 Explain how hypotheses are valuable if they lead to further investigations, even if they turn out not to be supported by the data. High (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.3 Use phrases such as “results support” or “fail to support” in science, understanding that science does not offer conclusive ‘proof’ of a knowledge claim. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.1 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain the motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases. Moderate (EOC)-
SC.8.N.3.1 Select models useful in relating the results of their own investigations. High (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.5 Recognize that there are a finite number of elements and that their atoms combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds that make up all of the living and nonliving things that we encounter Low (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.8 Identify basic examples of and compare and classify the properties of compounds, including acids, bases, and salts. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.9 Distinguish among mixtures (including solutions) and pure substances. Moderate (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.7 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory by recognizing that atoms are the smallest unit of an element and are composed of sub-atomic particles (electrons surrounding a nucleus containing protons and neutrons). Low (EOC)
SC.8.P.8.6 Recognize that elements are grouped in the periodic table according to similarities of their properties. Low (EOC)
SC.8.N.1.5 Analyze the methods used to develop a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science. High (EOC)

Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings:

A substance has characteristic properties which do not depend on the amount of the sample.
A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, boiling point, and freezing point, which do not depend on the amount of the sample.
Mass is not created or destroyed in ordinary physical or chemical changes.
Particles that make up matter are in constant motion.
All living and nonliving things are composed of compounds that are made of various elements.
Particles in matter can combine to form various substances.
Acids and bases are substances with unique properties.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.
Atoms are made of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons.
Only one kind of atom makes up an element.
Atoms combine in various ways to make up various substances.
Elements are arranged in the periodic table in increasing atomic number.
Elements are grouped according to similar properties including reactive, less reactive metals, reactive nonmetals, and nonreactive gases.
About 100 different elements have been identified...out of which everything is made.

Essential Questions:

Why can substances with similar masses have different densities?
Explain how physical properties of matter can help to identify unknown substances?
What happens to matter when it changes?
How do particles in solids, liquids, and gases move?
How do mixtures and pure substances compare?
How can all the substances we know be made up of different combinations of about different 100 elements?
How can we tell the difference between an acid and a base?
How are elements different from each other?
How are elements arranged on the periodic table?

Content:

Density is the amount of mass per unit of volume and is a physical property used to identify unknown substances
Substances have different physical properties:
density, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, melting and/or boiling points and magnetic properties
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, just changes form.
Matter can change form chemically or physically.
Many physical changes can be reversed. Chemical changes result in new substances and most cannot be reversed
Physical properties can be observed, such as color or density.
Chemical properties are observed during a chemical reaction.
In a physical change, the substances are not altered chemically, but merely changed.
In a chemical change, the substances are altered chemically and display different physical and chemical properties after the change.
Characteristics of each state of matter (including particle motion)
The four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Elements and compounds are both pure substances that have a definite and constant make-up.
There are a finite number of elements that make up all living and non-living things.
Elements combine to make compounds.
Properties of the following items:
pure substances (elements), compounds, mixtures, solutions and acids, bases and salts
Formula representations of molecules and compounds
Hydronium and Hydroxyl ion as they relate to pH.
The Atomic Theory states that atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
The atomic structure of atoms is a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
The number of protons in the atom is the atomic number
Atoms are electrically neutral
The atomic structure of atoms is a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
The periodic table groups elements together based on similar properties
Elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons and therefore have similar chemical properties.

Skills:

Calculate density using amounts directly measured by the student and data provided by the teacher
Compare densities of various materials
Classify and/or compare substances based on physical properties
Differentiate between physical or chemical changes
Investigate how temperature influences chemical changes
Explain the difference between chemical and physical changes.
Cite specific examples of physical and chemical properties.
Create a model that shows the motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases.
Select a model that shows the four states of matter accurately.
Identify common examples of elements and compounds
Differentiate between pure substances, mixtures and solutions
Use indicators to determine the pH of several acids and bases.
Identify common examples of acids, bases and/or salts
Interpret formulas
Compare and contrast acidity and basicity to hydronium and hydroxyl ions
Create a 2D or 3D model of an atom of a common element (atomic numbers 1-20)
Differentiate between the sub-atomic particles, their charges, masses, and locations.
Identify the following information for a given element using the periodic table: chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass.
Using the periodic table, locate metals, nonmetals and metalloids
Connect the properties of atoms, their position on the periodic table to the arrangement of their electrons.

8th Grade Science